X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy / XPS

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most popular surface analysis methods because it can be used on a broad range of materials and it supplies highly useful chemical data on the material being studied. The data XPS supplies on exterior layers of a sample or thin-film structures are crucial for many industrial and research applications. XPS involves exciting a sample's exterior with x-rays, leading to photoelectrons being emitted. An electron energy analyzer is used to assess the energy of the emitted photoelectrons. Based on the energy and intensity of a photoelectron signal – the chemical identity, state, and quantity of a sample can be established.