This article shows a survey of typical methods from the field of water analysis and also provides references to the corresponding Metrohm Application Notes and Application Bulletins.
The following parameters are addressed: pH value, electrical conductivity, ammonium, fluoride and Kjeldahl nitrogen, cations and anions through ion chromatography, heavy metals by means of voltammetry, water hardness, chemical oxygen demand (COD), free chlorine and a few other water components.
Abbreviations
| . |
. |
| ASTM |
American Society for Testing and Materials |
| DIN |
German Institute for Norms |
| EPA |
United States Environmental Protection Agency |
| EN |
European Norm |
| ISO |
International Organization for Standardization |
| USP |
United State Pharmacopoeia |
| SLMB |
Swiss Book for the Analysis of Food |
| SCA |
Standing Committee of Analysts (Blue Books) |
Electrical Conductivity
Standard Methods
- ASTM D 1125
Standard test methods for electrical conductivity and water resistivity
- EPA 120.1
Conductance, specific conductance
- ISO 7888, DIN EN 27888
Water quality – determination of electrical conductivity
- SCA, Blue book 14
The measurement of electrical conductivity and the laboratory determination of the pH value of natural, waste and treated waters
- USP 645
Water conductivity
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
pH Value
Standard Methods
- ASTM D 5464
Standard test method for pH measurement of water of low conductivity
- EPA 150.2
pH, electrometric (continuous monitoring)
- DIN EN ISO 10523
Water quality – pH determination
- SCA, Blue book 14
The measurement of electrical conductivity and the laboratory determination of the pH value of natural, waste and treated waters
- SLMB 602.1
pH value of drinking water
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
- AB 188
pH measurement technique
Fluoride
Standard Methods
- ASTM D 1179
Standard test methods for fluoride ion in water
- ASTM D 3868
Standard test method for fluoride ions in brines, brackish water and seawater
- DIN 38405-4
German standard methods for the examination of water, sludge and waste water; anions (group D); determination of fluoride (D 4)
- EPA 340.2
Fluoride (potentiometric, ion selective electrode)
- ISO 10359-1
Water quality – determination of fluoride – part 1: electrochemical probe method for potable and lightly polluted water
- SCA, Blue book 62
Fluoride in waters, plants, soils, effluents and sludges
- SLMB 626.1
Fluoride in drinking water, potentiometric
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
- AB 82
Determination of fluoride with the ion-selective electrode
Ammonium and Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Standard Methods
- ASTM D 1426
Standard test methods for ammonia nitrogen in water
- ASTM D 3590
Standard test methods for total Kjeldahl nitrogen in water
- DIN 38406-5
German standard methods for the examination of water, sludge and waste water; cations (group E); determination of ammonia-nitrogen (E 5)
- EPA 350.2
Nitrogen, ammonia (colorimetric; titrimetric; potentiometric – distillation procedure)
- EPA 350.3
Nitrogen, ammonia (potentiometric, ion selective electrode)
- EPA 351.3
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl total (colorimetric; titrimetric; potentiometric)
- EPA 351.4
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl total (potentiometric, ion selective electrode)
- ISO 5663, DIN EN 25663
Water quality – determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen – method after mineralization with selenium
- ISO 5664
Water quality – determination of ammonium – distillation and titration method
- ISO 6778
Water quality – determination of ammonium – potentiometric method
- SCA, Blue book 126
Kjeldahl nitrogen in waters
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
- AB 53
Determination of ammonium or Kjeldahl nitrogen
- AB 133
Determination of ammonium with the ion-selective electrode
- AN I-2
Low levels of ammonia in distilled water
Anions and Cations by Means of Ion Chromatography
Standard Methods
- ASTM D 4327
Standard test method for anions in water by suppressed ion chromatography
- ASTM D 5085
Standard test method for determination of nitrate, chloride and sulfate in atmospheric wet deposition by chemically suppressed ion chromatography
- ASTM D 5257
Standard test method for dissolved hexavalent chromium in water by ion chromatography
- ASTM D 5542
Standard test methods for trace anions in high purity water by ion chromatography
- ASTM D 5996
Standard test method for measuring anionic contaminant in high purity water by on-line ion chromatography
- ASTM D 6581
Standard test method for bromide, bromated, chlorite, chlorate in drinking water by suppressed ion chromatography
- ASTM D 6919
Standard test method for determination of dissolved alkali and alkaline earth cations and ammonium in water and wastewater by ion chromatography
- EPA 218.6
Determination of dissolved hexavalent chromium in groundwater, drinking water and industrial wastewater effluents by ion chromatography
- EPA 300.0
Determination of inorganic anions by ion chromatography
- EPA 300.1
Determination of inorganic anions in drinking water by ion chromatography
- EPA 314.0
Perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography
- EPA 317.0
Oxyhalide DPBs and bromide by ion chromatography
- EPA 326.0
Inorganic oxyhalide disinfection byproducts in drinking water by ion chromatography with postcolumn reagent for trace bromate analysis
- DIN EN ISO 10304-1
Water quality – determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions – part 1: determination of chloride, bromide, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate and phosphate
- DIN EN ISO 10304-3
Water quality – determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions – part 3: determination of chromate, iodide, sulfite, thiosulfate and thiocyanate
- DIN EN ISO 10304-4
Water quality – determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions – part 4: determination of chloride, chlorate, chlorite in water with low contamination
- DIN EN ISO 14911
Water quality – determination of dissolved, Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ using ion chromatography - method for water and waste water
- DIN EN ISO 15061
Water quality - determination of dissolved bromate - method by liquid chromatography of ions
- SLMB 631.1
Chloride, nitrate, sulfate in drinking water; IC
- SLMB 658.1
Chlorite, chlorate in drinking water; IC
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
- AN S-217
Ultratrace-level perchlorate in reagent water, ground water, surface water and water containing 3000 ppm of total dissolved solids (USEPA method 314.0)
- AN S-235
Determination of anions and oxyhalides by US EPA method 300.1 A and B in a single analysis (standard solution)
- AN S-236
Determination of anions and oxyhalides by US EPA method 300.1 A and B in a single analysis (sample)
- AN S-239
Oxyhalides and standard anions according to EPA 300.1 applying the A Supp 5 – 250
- AN U-18
Bromate determination using post column reaction (o-dianisidine method, EPA 317.0)
- AN U-57
Chromate in drinking water by ion chromatography with PCR and UV/VIS detection according to EPA method 218.7
- AN N-47
Bromate determination using post column reaction (triiodide method) in tap water according to EPA 326.0
Polarographic/Voltammetric Determinations
Standard Methods
- ASTM D 3557
Standard test methods for cadmium in water
- ASTM D 3559
Standard test methods for lead in water
- DIN 38406-16
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; cations (group E); determination of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, thallium, nickel, cobalt by voltammetry (E 16)
- DIN 38406-17
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; cations (group E); determination of uranium - method using adsorptive stripping voltammetry in surface water, raw water and drinking water (E 17)
- EPA 7063
Arsenic in aqueous samples and extracts by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV)
- EPA 7198
Hexavalent chromium by differential pulse polarography
- EPA 7472
Mercury in aqueous samples and extracts by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV)
- SLMB 613.1
Copper, lead, cadmium, zinc in drinking water, polarographic
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
- AB 70
Polarographic determination of nitrate in water samples, soil and plant extracts, vegetable juice, meat and sausages, liquid manure, fertilizers, etc.
- AB 113
Determination of lead, cadmium and copper in foodstuffs, wastewater and sewage sludge by anodic stripping voltammetry after digestion
- AB 114
Polarographic determination of five metals (copper, zinc, iron, cobalt, and nickel) in a single run
- AB 123
Voltammetric determination of iron and manganese in water samples
- AB 146
Direct polarographic determination of trace amounts of molybdenum in water
- AB 186
Determination of aluminum in water samples by adsorptive voltammetry
- AB 231
Voltammetric determination of zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, thallium and cobalt in water samples according to DIN 38406 Part 16
- Application Notes
V-45, V-68, V-69, V-71, V-82, V-83, V-84, V-86, V-87, V-88, V-89, V-90, V-91, V-106, V-107, V-1 08, V-109, V-110, V-121, V-122
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Standard Methods
- DIN 38409-41
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; summary action and material characteristic parameters (Group H); determination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the range over 15 mg/L (H 41)
- DIN 38409-44
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; parameters characterizing effects and substances (Group H); determination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ranging from 5 to 50 mg/L (H 44)
- DIN 38414-9
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; sludge and sediments (group S); determination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) (S 9)
- EPA 410.1
Chemical oxygen demand (titrimetric, mid-level)
- EPA 410.2
Chemical oxygen demand (titrimetric, low level)
- EPA 410.3
Chemical oxygen demand, titrimetric, high-level for saline water
- ISO 6060
Water quality – determination of the chemical oxygen demand
- SCA, Blue book 215
The determination of chemical oxygen demand in waters and effluents
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
- AB 178
Fully automatic water analysis
Water Hardness
Standard Methods
- ASTM D 511
Standard test methods for calcium and magnesium in water
- ASTM D 1126
Standard test methods for hardness in water
- ASTM D 1067
Standard test methods for acidity or alkalinity of water
- ASTM D 3875
Standard test methods for alkalinity in brines, brackish water and seawater
- DIN 38406-3
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge – cations (group E) – part 3; determination of calcium and magnesium, complexometric method (E 3)
- DIN 38409-6
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; summary indices of actions and substances (group H); water hardness (H 6)
- DIN 38409-7
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; summary indices of actions and substances (group H); determination of acid and base-neutralizing capacities (H 7)
- DIN EN ISO 9963-1
Water quality – determination of alkalinity – part 1: determination of total and composite alkalinity
- EPA 130.2
Hardness, total (mg/L as CaCO3) (titrimetric, EDTA)
- EPA 215.2
Calcium (titrimetric, EDTA)
- EPA 310.1
Alkalinity (titrimetric, pH 4.5)
- ISO 6058
Water quality – determination of calcium content – EDTA titrimetric method
- ISO 6059
Water quality – determination of the sum of calcium and magnesium – EDTA titrimetric method
- ISO 9963-2
Water quality – determination of alkalinity – Part 2: determination of carbonate alkalinity
- SCA, Blue book 43
Total hardness, calcium hardness and magnesium hardness in raw and potable waters by EDTA titrimetry
- SCA, Blue book 44
The determination of alkalinity and acidity in water
- SLMB 639.1
Total hardness in drinking water
- SLMB 640.1
Alkalinity of drinking water, pH 4.3 and 8.2
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
- AB 125
Simultaneous determination of calcium, magnesium and alkalinity by complexometric titration with photometric or potentiometric indication in water and beverage samples
- AB 178
Fully automatic water analysis
- AN H-74
Determination of calcium and magnesium in sea water
- AN T-84
Fully automatic determination of the total, calcium and magnesium hardness of water samples using photometric titration
Free Chlorine
Standard Methods
- ASTM D 512
Standard test methods for chloride ion in water
- ASTM D 1253
Standard test method for residual chlorine in water
- DIN 38405-1
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; anions (group D); determination of chloride ions (D 1)
- EPA 330.1
Chlorine, total residual (titrimetric, amperometric)
- EPA 330.2
Chlorine, total residual (titrimetric, back, iodometric (starch or amperometric))
- EPA 330.3
Chlorine, total residual (titrimetric, iodometric)
- DIN EN ISO 7393-1
Water quality – determination of free chlorine and total chorine – part 1: titrimetric method using N,N-diethyl- 1,4-phenylenediamine
- DIN EN ISO 7393-3
Water quality – determination of free chlorine and total chlorine – part 3: iodometric titration method for the determination of total chlorine
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
- AB 249
Titrimetric determination of total and residual chlorine in drinking and process water
Other Titrimetric Determinations
Standard Methods
- ASTM D 1246
Standard test method for bromide ion in water
- ASTM D 4658
Standard test method for sulfide ion in water
- DIN 38405-5
German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge; anions (group D); determination of sulfate ions (D 5)
- EPA 320.1
Bromide (titrimetric)
- EPA 376.1
Sulfide (titrimetric, iodine)
Metrohm Application Bulletins and Notes
- AB 125
Simultaneous determination of calcium, magnesium and alkalinity by complexometric titration with potentiometric or photometric indication in water and beverage samples
- AB 130
Chloride titrations with potentiometric indication
- AB 178
Fully automatic water analysis
- AN I-6
Chloride content of water samples
- AN I-8
Sulfide content of wastewater
- AN H-33
Determination of low levels of chloride in water
- AN H-110
Determination of sulfate in drinking water by barium chromate displacement
- AN T-7
Sulfate in water samples
- AN T-32
Hydrogen sulfide or sulfide in water
- AN T-77
Photometric determination of sulfate in aqueous solutions
- AN T-101
Fully automated determination of chloride in tap water
Comments
Metrohm recommends the webpage www.nemi.gov for the download of standards issued by EPA.
For a fully automated system, considering some of the mentioned parameters here, readers can also see:
- Metrohm Application Bulletin No. 178
- Metrohm Application Note T-73
- Metrohm Application Note T-74
- Metrohm Application Note T-75
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This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by Metrohm AG.
For more information on this source, please visit Metrohm AG.