New Photocatalyst can Offer Higher Hydrogen Yield from Water

In line with the depletion of fossil fuels and the environmental problems our planet faces due to their combustion, developing technology for clean energy generation is a topic of global interest. Among the various methods proposed to generate clean energy, photocatalytic water splitting is showing much promise. This method utilizes solar energy to split water (H₂O) molecules and obtain dihydrogen (H₂). The H₂ can then be used as a carbon-free fuel or as raw material in the production of many important chemicals.

Now, a research team led by Kazuhiko Maeda at Tokyo Tech has developed a new photocatalyst consisting of nanoscale metal oxide sheets and a ruthenium dye molecule, which works according to a mechanism similar to dye-sensitized solar cells. While metal oxides that are photocatalytically active for overall water splitting into H₂ and O₂ have wide band gaps, dye-sensitized oxides can utilize visible light, the main component of sunlight (Figure 1). The new photocatalyst is capable of generating H₂ from water with a turnover frequency of 1960 per hour and an external quantum yield of 2.4%.

These results are the highest recorded for dye-sensitized photocatalysts under visible light, bringing Maeda's team a step closer to the goal of artificial photosynthesis -- replicating the natural process of using water and sunlight to sustainably produce energy.

The new material, reported in Journal of the American Chemical Society, is constructed from high-surface-area calcium niobate nanosheets (HCa₂Nb₃O₁₀) intercalated with platinum (Pt) nanoclusters as H₂-evolving sites. However, the platinum-modified nanosheets do not work alone, as they do not absorb sunlight efficiently. So a visible light-absorbing ruthenium dye molecule is combined with the nanosheet, enabling solar-driven H₂ evolution (Figure 2).

What makes the material efficient is the use of nanosheets, which can be obtained by chemical exfoliation of lamellar HCa₂Nb₃O₁₀. The high-surface-area and structural flexibility of the nanosheets maximize dye-loadings and density of H₂ evolution sites, which in turn improve H₂ evolution efficiency. Also, to optimise performance, Maeda's team modified the nanosheets with amorphous alumina, which plays an important role in improving electron transfer efficiency. "Unprecedentedly, the alumina modification for nanosheets promotes dye-regeneration during the reaction, without hindering electron injection from the excited-state dye to the nanosheet ¬-- the primary step of dye-sensitized H₂ evolution," Maeda says.

"Until just recently, it was considered very difficult to achieve H₂ evolution via overall water splitting under visible light using a dye-sensitized photocatalyst with high efficiency," explains Maeda. "Our new result clearly demonstrates that this is indeed possible, using a carefully designed molecule-nanomaterial hybrid."

More research still needs to be done, as it will be necessary to further optimize the design of the hybrid photocatalyst to improve the efficiency and long-term durability. Photocatalytic water splitting may be a crucial means of meeting society's energy demands without further harming the environment, and studies like this one are essential stepping stones to reaching our goal of a greener future.