The properties of supramolecular polymers are dictated by the self-assembled state of the molecules. However, not much is known about the impact of morphologies on the properties of nano- and mesoscopic-scale polymeric assemblies. Recently, a research team demonstrated how terminus-free toroids and random coils derived from the same luminescent molecule show different photophysical properties. The team also presented a novel method for purifying the toroidal structure.
(a) The toroidal assemblies with no termini are not easily deformed in solution, resulting in less excitation energy loss and strong yellow fluorescence. (b) The randomly coiled assemblies are easily deformed, resulting in excitation energy loss and a weak orange fluorescence. Image Credit: Sho Takahashi from Chiba University, Japan
In supramolecular chemistry, the self-assembly state of molecules plays a significant role in determining their tangible properties. Controlling the self-assembled state has garnered significant attention as it can be exploited to design materials with desired properties like charge transport capability and fluorescence wavelength. For years, scientists have been trying to decipher how molecular organization impacts the properties of supramolecular assemblies that are in the nano (<10 nm) and mesoscopic (10–1000 nm) scales. However, the study of structures with supramolecular polymer assemblies derived from the same monomer is often hindered by dynamic structural changes and immature control over self-assemblies.
A recent study published on January 1, 2024, in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, investigated the properties of one-dimensional mesoscale supramolecular assemblies of two different structures composed of the same luminescent molecule. It showed how two structures showed very different properties depending on whether they had their molecules arranged in a closed circular pattern or not. The study was led by Prof. Shiki Yagai from Chiba University, with Sho Takahashi, a doctoral course student at the Graduate School of Science and Engineering at Chiba University, as the first author. It also included Prof. Martin Vacha from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Tokyo Institute of Technology, and Dr. Hikaru Sotome from the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University as corresponding authors.
"The geometrical beauty of a circular structure, which has no termini and no corners, has fascinated people. Chemists have realized the synthesis of giant cyclic molecules using various approaches not only to create beautiful structures but also to compete in the elegance of the process of synthesizing such beautiful structures," says Prof. Yagai, speaking of the inspiration behind this study. "The best example of nature utilizing the functional beauty of circular structures would be the light-harvesting antenna organ (LH2, LH1) of purple photosynthetic bacteria. LH2 has a beautiful circular structure due to the protein's outstanding self-organizing ability, and it is thought that by arranging chlorophyll dyes in a circular array based on this framework, lean light collection and excitation energy transfer are achieved."
Through the self-assembly of luminescent molecules synthesized based on their own molecular design, the team obtained a mixture of two one-dimensional π‑conjugated molecular aggregates with different structures, namely terminus-free cyclic structures (toroids) and randomly coiled structures. The mixture exhibited low-energy and low-intensity luminescence.
The two structures were separated using a novel dialysis technique that exploited the difference in their kinetic stability. Post-separation, it was shown that the terminus-free closed toroidal structure led to higher energy and more efficient luminescence when compared to random coils. The team carried out ultrafast laser spectroscopy to investigate the mechanism of their topology-dependent fluorescence properties. The results indicated random coils with termini lost excitation energy due to defects generated by fluctuations in solution, unlike toroids that were not easily deformed and exhibited fluorescence without energy loss. Furthermore, it was found that in the mixed solution of toroids and random coils, the excitation energy was transferred from the toroid to the random coil due to the agglomeration of both assemblies, and only the random coil-derived luminescence was observed.
This study establishes morphological control of materials at the mesoscale as a possible new guideline for the design of functional materials. It also highlights that in the case of materials that are prone to supramolecular polymorphism, such as the toroid and random coil, it is essential to purify the assemblies before analyzing their photophysical properties. If not separated, the results obtained might only reflect biased properties instead of distinct ones due to energy transfer between different structures.
The researchers are hopeful that these insights can encourage the development of high-performance flexible devices using cyclic molecular assemblies. "We can gladly say that a correlation between structural beauty and functional beauty has been found here, even in meso-scale molecular assemblies. We believe that the insights from our study could help improve the performance of solar cell devices and light-emitting devices in the long run, thereby facilitating their widespread acceptability and enriching people's lives along the way," concludes Prof. Yagai.